3. Lesson 3 - Tooth wheels

How to on Gears (part 1)

Gears could be a powerful tool for those who know how to use them appropriately. In this episode we introduce some of the basic terms and concepts behind using gears in your construction.

Each mechanism you build has its unique needs, based on its aim. In some cases, you need more speed and in others - you need more torque or power. In some cases, you need a linear motion and in others - it should be circular. To achieve that you need to build a system of gears that will fit your needs. In this part of the gear tutorial we will cover and explain some of the basic terms behind the physics of gear systems.

Speed

First of all, let's take a look at the term "speed" and explain the difference between linear and rotational speed:

• linear speed is the distance an object travels for a certain amount of time. It is measured in kph, mph, m/s etc. Knowing the speed of an object enables us to calculate the distance it will travel. For example, if a car is traveling at a speed of 50 kph, then it will travel 100 km in two hours.
• rotational speed is the number of rotations an object makes for a certain amount of time. Usually, it is measured in rotations per minute or RMP. For instance, the Large LEGO EV3 Motor has a rotational speed of 150RPM when set to 100% power. Hence, if we program it to rotate for 120 seconds or 2 minutes, it will rotate 300 times.

Torque

After we have learned what speed is, we will move on to the next key characteristic - torque. Torque is a rotational force. Simply put, it is the force you have to apply to stop an object rotating. The larger the torque of a motor is, the greater the force you will need to stop it.

For example, if we want a robot to climb on an inclined plane or surface, or if we want it to pull a large load, we will need more torque. On the other hand, if we want our robot to compete, we will need more speed.

Mechanical Power

The last concept we will cover is mechanical power. For our purposes, we can consider the following:

Mechanical Power  = Rotational Speed X Torque

When we set the power of the motors from the Move Blocks, we actually set the mechanical power. So, when we increase the value, we not only increase the speed of the motor but also we increase its torque.

Gear Wheels

Now, we are ready to put into practice what we have learned so far. Gear is the group of gear wheels that engage and hence drive each other. The gear wheel that is directly driven by the motor is called a driver gear, while the one that is attached to the wheels, or the output gear, is called a follower gear.

Each gear wheel has multiple teeth on its circumference. When we put two gear wheels next to each other, the teeth engage. As a result, when we rotate one of the two gear wheels, the other one also rotates. Interestingly, every time a tooth from the first gear passes through the engage point, a tooth from the second gear will also pass. 

To see this in practice, construct the gear following the instructions in the video.